Lock, Stock & Two Smoking Nozzles

Geologic Nozzles

Sonic velocities of geologic fluids, such as volcanic magmas and geothermal fluids, can be as low as 1 m/s. Critical velocities in large rivers can be of the order of 1-10 m/s. Because velocities of fluids moving in these settings can exceed these characteristic velocities, sonic and supersonic gas flow and critical and supercritical shallow-water flow can occur. The importance of the low chara...

Scramjet Nozzles

The lecture is given in four parts, each being a step in the process of nozzle design, and within each part the methods and techniques preferred by the lecturer are presented. We begin with a reminder concerning control volumes and the separation of aerodynamic and propulsive forces and moments. Then it is demonstrated how an appropriate control volume can help define the propulsive force vecto...

Lock, Stock and Two Different Barrels: Comparing the Genetic Composition of Morphotypes of the Indo-Pacific Sponge Xestospongia testudinaria

The giant barrel sponge Xestospongiatestudinaria is an ecologically important species that is widely distributed across the Indo-Pacific. Little is known, however, about the precise biogeographic distribution and the amount of morphological and genetic variation in this species. Here we provide the first detailed, fine-scaled (<200 km(2)) study of the morphological and genetic composition of X....

Lock Manager Lock Manager Data

Clogging in Continuous Casting Nozzles

Nozzle clogging is a serious productivity and quality problem in continuous casting. This work reviews the causes, effects, and solutions to clogging in continuous casting nozzles. The results of a one-dimensional, steady state analysis of the heat loss from the molten steel stream through the nozzle wall are discussed. The analyses show that steel may freeze within the clog matrix for a relati...